Gramer Sözlüğü
Bu kurs boyunca kullanılan gramer terimlerinin hızlı ve net tanımları — 57 terim toplam.
57 terim
A
Adjective
A word that describes a noun — its quality, size, colour, or state.
a tall building, a happy child
Adverb
A word that describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb — telling how, when, where, or how often.
She runs quickly. He is very tall.
Article
The words a, an (indefinite) and the (definite) used before nouns.
a dog, an apple, the sun
Auxiliary verb
A "helping" verb (be, do, have) used with a main verb to form tenses, questions, and negatives.
She is working. Do you know?
B
Bare infinitive
The base form of a verb without "to", used after modals and verbs like let, make, see.
I can swim. She let me go.
C
Clause
A group of words containing a subject and a verb. It may be a full sentence or part of one.
because it was raining
Cleft sentence
A sentence split into two parts to emphasise one element, often starting with "It is/was" or "What".
It was Tom who called. What I need is rest.
Collocation
Words that naturally go together in English.
make a decision, heavy rain
Comparative
The form of an adjective/adverb used to compare two things (usually -er or "more").
bigger, more careful
Conditional
A sentence expressing a condition and its result, usually with "if".
If it rains, we will stay home.
Conjunction
A word that joins words, phrases, or clauses (and, but, because, although).
tea and coffee; I left because I was tired
Countable noun
A noun you can count and make plural.
one book, two books
D
Defining relative clause
A relative clause that identifies which person or thing we mean — essential, with no commas.
The man who called is my boss.
Definite article
The word "the", used for specific or known things.
the book on the table
Determiner
A word before a noun that shows quantity or reference (some, any, this, my, each).
some water, this car
Direct object
The noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
She read the book.
E
Ellipsis
Leaving out words that are understood from context, to avoid repetition.
She can sing and (she can) dance.
F
Future continuous
will be + -ing — for an action in progress at a future time.
This time tomorrow I will be flying.
Future perfect
will have + past participle — for an action completed before a future point.
By June I will have finished.
G
Gerund
The -ing form of a verb used as a noun.
Swimming is fun. I enjoy reading.
I
Imperative
The verb form used to give orders, instructions, or requests.
Close the door. Be careful!
Indefinite article
The words "a" and "an", used for non-specific singular nouns.
a car, an egg
Indirect object
The person or thing that receives the direct object.
She gave me a gift.
Infinitive
The base form of a verb, usually with "to".
to go, to eat
Intransitive verb
A verb that does not take a direct object.
He arrived. She smiled.
Inversion
Reversing the normal subject–verb order for emphasis or in questions.
Never have I seen such a thing.
Irregular verb
A verb whose past forms do not follow the regular -ed pattern.
go → went → gone
M
Modal verb
A helping verb expressing ability, possibility, permission, or obligation (can, must, should, may, might).
You must leave. She can swim.
N
Non-defining relative clause
A relative clause giving extra, non-essential information, set off by commas.
My sister, who lives in London, is a doctor.
Nominalisation
Turning a verb or adjective into a noun for a more formal style.
decide → decision; strong → strength
Noun
A word for a person, place, thing, or idea.
teacher, city, freedom
O
Object
The noun or pronoun affected by the action of the verb.
He kicked the ball.
P
Participle
A verb form used in tenses or as an adjective: present (-ing) or past (-ed/-en).
broken glass, a running tap
Passive voice
A structure where the subject receives the action (be + past participle).
The cake was eaten.
Past continuous
was/were + -ing — for an action in progress in the past.
I was reading at 8pm.
Past perfect
had + past participle — for an action completed before another past action.
She had left before I arrived.
Past simple
The basic past tense, for completed past actions.
I visited Rome last year.
Phrasal verb
A verb combined with a particle (preposition/adverb) that creates a new meaning.
give up, look after
Possessive
A form showing ownership (my, your, his; or noun + apostrophe-s).
my book, Sara's car
Preposition
A word showing the relationship of a noun to other words (in, on, at, by, with).
the book on the table
Present continuous
am/is/are + -ing — for actions happening now or arranged for the future.
I am working. We are meeting tomorrow.
Present perfect
have/has + past participle — linking past to present.
I have finished.
Present perfect continuous
have/has been + -ing — for an ongoing action up to now.
I have been waiting for an hour.
Present simple
The basic present tense, for habits, routines, and facts.
She works in a bank.
Pronoun
A word that replaces a noun (I, you, he, it, they, who).
She called him.
Q
Quantifier
A word expressing amount or quantity (some, much, many, a few, a lot of).
many books, a little time
R
Reduced relative clause
A shortened relative clause using a participle instead of "who/which + verb".
The books written by her sold out.
Relative clause
A clause that gives more information about a noun, introduced by who, which, that, etc.
the person who called
Reported speech
Reporting what someone said without quoting them exactly, often with tense shifts.
He said he was tired.
S
Stative verb
A verb describing a state, not an action — usually not used in continuous tenses.
know, love, belong
Subject
The person or thing that performs the action of the verb.
The dog barked.
Subjunctive
A verb form for wishes, demands, or hypothetical situations, often the base form.
It is essential that he be present.
Superlative
The form of an adjective/adverb expressing the highest degree (-est or "most").
the biggest, the most careful
T
Tense
The form of a verb that shows the time of an action (past, present, future).
walk / walked / will walk
Transitive verb
A verb that takes a direct object.
She wrote a letter.
U
Uncountable noun
A noun that cannot be counted or made plural; it takes a singular verb.
water, information, advice
V
Verb
A word expressing an action, occurrence, or state of being.
run, seem, exist