Ünite 17

Connecting Words

and, but, because, so, although

🇹🇷 Türkçe Özet

Bağlaçlar fikirleri birleştirir: and (ve), but (ama), because (çünkü), so (bu yüzden), although (-e rağmen).

Bağlaçlar Nedir?

Bağlaçlar (connecting words), cümlecikleri ya da cümleleri birbirine bağlar. Düşünceler arasındaki ilişkiyi gösterir: ekleme, karşıtlık, neden, sonuç, koşul ve zaman.

Ekleme — Bilgi Ekleme

Sözcük	Kullanım	Örnek
and	İki düşünceyi birleştirir	I like coffee and tea.
also	Ek bilgi verir (cümle ortasında)	She speaks French. She also speaks German.
too / as well	Ek bilgi verir (cümle sonunda)	I went to Paris. My sister did too.
both ... and	İki şey birlikte (hem ... hem de)	Both the food and the service were excellent.

Karşıtlık — Farkı Gösterme

Sözcük	Kullanım	Örnek
but	Basit karşıtlık (iki cümleciği birleştirir)	He's clever but lazy.
although / even though	Beklenmedik karşıtlık (cümleye başlayabilir)	Although it was cold, we went out.
however	Karşıtlık (daha resmî; yeni bir cümle başlatır)	The plan was good. However, it failed.
despite / in spite of	İsim/gerund ile karşıtlık	Despite the rain, we had fun.

Neden — Gerekçe Açıklama

Sözcük	Kullanım	Örnek
because	Nedeni bildirir (bir cümlecik başlatır)	I stayed home because I was tired.
as / since	Neden (daha resmî; çoğunlukla cümleye başlar)	As it was late, we left.
due to / because of	İsim/gerund ile neden	The match was cancelled due to bad weather.

Sonuç — Ne Olduğunu Gösterme

Sözcük	Kullanım	Örnek
so	Sonucu bildirir	It was raining, so we stayed in.
therefore	Sonuç (daha resmî)	The road was icy; therefore we drove slowly.

Koşul ve Zaman

Sözcük	Kullanım	Örnek
if	Koşul	If it rains, we'll stay home.
Zaman	Zaman	I was reading when she called.
while	Aynı anda gerçekleşen iki eylem	She cooked while I set the table.
before / after / until	Olayların sırası	Finish your homework before you watch TV.

Or, Then ve Sıralama

Sözcük	Kullanım	Örnek
or	seçim / alternatif	Do you want tea or coffee?
then	bir sonraki adım	We had dinner, then we watched a film.
first · after that · finally	bir olayın ya da talimatların sırası	First, boil the water. After that, add the pasta. Finally, add the sauce.

Temel Karşıtlık: Because ve So

Because (neden → NEDEN? sorusunu cevaplar)	So (sonuç → NE OLDU? sorusunu cevaplar)
I stayed home because I was tired.	I was tired, so I stayed home.
She was late because the bus broke down.	The bus broke down, so she was late.
"Because" NEDENİ bildirir	So SONUCU bildirir

Temel Karşıtlık: Although ve But

Although / Even though	But
Bir yan cümlecik başlatır; cümlenin başında kullanılabilir	İki ana cümleciği ortadan birleştirir
Although he was tired, he kept working.	He was tired, but he kept working.
❌ Although he was tired, but he kept working.	✅ Yalnızca biri kullanılır: although YA DA but.

Bağlaçlarla Virgül Kullanımı

So sözcüğünden önce ve genellikle but sözcüğünden önce virgül konur: It was late, so we left.
Cümle ortasındaki because sözcüğünden önce virgül konmaz: We left because it was late.
Although / because / if / when cümleye başladığında birinci cümlecikten sonra virgül konur: Although it was late, we stayed.
However yeni bir cümle başlatır ve ardından virgül gelir: It was late. However, we stayed.

Türkçedeki "-e rağmen ... ama" ve "-dığı için"

Türkçe	❌ Sık yapılan hata	✅ İngilizce
Yorgun olmasına rağmen (ama) çalıştı.	Although he was tired, but he worked.	Although he was tired, he worked. / He was tired, but he worked.
Hasta olduğu için gelmedi.	Because of he was ill, he didn't come.	He didn't come because he was ill. / because of his illness.
Yağmur yağıyordu, bu yüzden evde kaldık.	It was raining, because of this we stayed home.	It was raining, so we stayed home.
Yağmura rağmen dışarı çıktık.	Despite it was raining, we went out.	Despite the rain, we went out.

Açıklamalı Örnekler

Özne

Fiil

Yardımcı fiil

Nesne

Sıfat

Zarf

Edat

Sözcüğün cümledeki görevini görmek için üzerine gelin.

subjectIverbwasadjectivehungry,sosubjectIverbmadeobjecta sandwich.

↳ So = acıkmanın sonucu.

Althoughsubjectitverbwasadjectivecold,subjectweverbwentadverbout.

↳ Although = cümle başında beklenmedik karşıtlık.

subjectSheverbpassedobjectthe exambecausesubjectsheverbstudiedadverbhard.

↳ Because = nedeni açıklar.

Sık Yapılan Hatalar

I was tired because so I stayed home.

→

I was tired, so I stayed home.

"Because" ve "so" aynı cümlede kullanılmaz.

Although it was cold but we went out.

→

Although it was cold, we went out.

"Although" ve "but" birlikte kullanılmaz.

I like it. Because it's cheap.

→

I like it because it's cheap.

Yazı dilinde "because" iki cümleciği birleştirmelidir. (Konuşmada "Why?" sorusuna kısa cevap olarak "Because it's cheap." denebilir.)

Despite it was raining, we went out.

→

Despite the rain, we went out.

"Despite" sözcüğünden sonra tam bir cümlecik değil, isim/gerund gelir.

Because of it was late, we left.

→

Because it was late, we left. / Because of the time, we left.

because + cümlecik · because of + isim.

← Adverbs of Frequency Object & Possessive Pronouns →

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Connecting Words