Ana Sayfa · B1 Intermediate · Ünite 15
Ünite 15
Reported Speech
düz cümleler, sorular ve emirler
🇹🇷 Türkçe Özet
Dolaylı anlatım; birinin söylediğini aktarır. Zaman bir adım geriye kayar: "I am tired" → He said he was tired.
Dolaylı Anlatım Nedir?
Dolaylı anlatım (reported speech / indirect speech), başka birinin söylediklerini onun tam sözlerini aktarmadan birine anlatırken kullanılır. Genellikle zaman bir derece geriye kaydırılır; zamirler ve zaman ifadeleri de değiştirilir.
Doğrudan: She said, "I'm tired." → Dolaylı: She said (that) she was tired.
Zaman Değişiklikleri
| Doğrudan anlatım | Dolaylı anlatım |
|---|---|
| Present Simple → "I work here." | Past Simple → He said he worked there. |
| Present Continuous → "She's watching TV." | Past Continuous → He said she was watching TV. |
| Present Perfect → "They've finished." | Past Perfect → She said they had finished. |
| Past Simple → "I called you." | Past Perfect → He said he had called me. |
| Will → "I'll call you." | Would → He said he would call me. |
| Can → "I can help." | Could → She said she could help. |
| May → "It may rain." | Might → He said it might rain. |
| Must → "You must go." | Had to → She said I had to go. |
Zamir ve Zaman İfadesi Değişiklikleri
| Doğrudan | Dolaylı | Doğrudan | Dolaylı |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | he / she | now | then |
| we | they | today | that day |
| my | his / her | yesterday | the day before |
| you | I / we | tomorrow | the next day |
| this | that | next week | the following week |
| here | there | ago | before |
Düz Cümleleri Aktarma — Say ve Tell
Say kişi bildiren bir nesne almaz. Tell ise her zaman bir kişi nesnesi gerektirir.
| Say (nesne almaz) | Tell (nesne gerektirir) |
|---|---|
| She said she was tired. ✅ | She told me she was tired. ✅ |
| She said me she was tired. ❌ | She told she was tired. ❌ |
Soruları Aktarma
Evet/hayır soruları → if / whether kullanılır. Wh- soruları → wh- sözcüğü kullanılır. Her ikisinde de özne + fiil sırası kullanılır (devrik yapı yoktur) ve do/does/did atılır.
| Tür | Doğrudan | Dolaylı |
|---|---|---|
| Evet/Hayır | "Are you coming?" | She asked if I was coming. |
| Evet/Hayır | "Did they call?" | He asked whether they had called. |
| Wh- | "Where do you live?" | She asked where I lived. |
| Wh- | "What are you doing?" | He asked what I was doing. |
| Wh- | "When did you arrive?" | She asked when I had arrived. |
Emir ve Ricaları Aktarma
tell / ask / order / advise + nesne + (not) to + fiilin yalın hâli yapısı kullanılır.
| Doğrudan | Dolaylı |
|---|---|
| "Open the window!" (emir) | He told me to open the window. |
| "Don't be late." (emir) | She told me not to be late. |
| "Please help me." (rica) | She asked me to help her. |
| "Don't touch that." (uyarı) | He warned me not to touch that. |
Zaman Ne Zaman Değiştirilmez?
- Aktarma fiili şimdiki zamanda olduğunda: She says she loves her job. (kaydırma yapılmaz)
- Hâlâ doğru olan bilgiler: He said the Earth is round. (kaydırma yapılmaz — her zaman doğrudur)
- Genel bilimsel doğrular: She said water boils at 100°C.
Diğer Aktarma Fiilleri
Her zaman said kullanmak yerine konuşanın amacını gösteren bir fiil seçilmelidir. Her fiilin kendine özgü bir kalıbı vardır:
| Kalıp | Fiiller | Örnek |
|---|---|---|
| fiil + to + fiil | offer, promise, refuse, agree, threaten | "I'll help you." → She offered to help me. |
| fiil + nesne + to + fiil | tell, ask, advise, warn, remind, invite | "Don't forget your passport." → He reminded me to take my passport. |
| fiil + -ing | suggest, deny, admit, recommend | "Let's take a taxi." → She suggested taking a taxi. |
| fiil + for + -ing | apologise, thank (birine) | "Sorry I'm late." → He apologised for being late. |
Türkçedeki "-dığını söyledi / -ip -madığını sordu"
| Türkçe | ❌ Sık yapılan hata | ✅ İngilizce |
|---|---|---|
| Yorgun olduğunu söyledi. | He said me that he is tired. | He told me (that) he was tired. |
| Gelip gelmeyeceğimi sordu. | She asked will I come. | She asked if / whether I would come. |
| Nerede oturduğumu sordu. | He asked where do I live. | He asked where I lived. |
| Bana kapıyı kapatmamı söyledi. | She said me close the door. | She told me to close the door. |
| Geç kalmamamı söyledi. | He told me don't be late. | He told me not to be late. |
Açıklamalı Örnekler
Özne
Fiil
Yardımcı fiil
Nesne
Sıfat
Zarf
Edat
Sözcüğün cümledeki görevini görmek için üzerine gelin.
verbShe said(that)subjectsheverbwas tired.
↳ Düz cümle: "I am tired" → zaman bir derece geriye kayar.
verbHe askedifsubjectIverblikedobjectcoffee.
↳ Evet/hayır sorusu: "Do you like coffee?" → if + özne + fiil.
verbShe toldobjectmeverbnot to beadjectivelate.
↳ Emir: "Don't be late" → tell + nesne + not to + fiil.
Sık Yapılan Hatalar
He said me he was tired.
→
He told me he was tired.
"Say" kişi nesnesi almaz; kime söylendiği belirtilecekse "tell" kullanılır.
She asked me where was I.
→
She asked me where I was.
Dolaylı sorularda devrik yapı kullanılmaz — özne + fiil sırası.
He said that he will come.
→
He said that he would come.
Dolaylı anlatımda "will", "would" olur.
She told to me to go.
→
She told me to go.
"Told" sözcüğünden sonra "to" gelmez — told + nesne + mastar.
He asked me if did I like it.
→
He asked me if I liked it.
Dolaylı sorularda "did" atılır ve özne + fiil sırası kullanılır.
She suggested me to take a taxi.
→
She suggested taking a taxi. / She suggested that I (should) take a taxi.
"Suggest" nesne + to yapısıyla kullanılmaz.
He told me don't be late.
→
He told me not to be late.
Olumsuz emir → not to + fiil.